Thursday 16 May 2013

Types of Hardness in Water for std 8 to 10 GSEB CBSE Course.


TYPES OF HARDNESS
Depending on the kind of negative ions present along with Mg++  and Ca++ ions, hard water is classified into two types namely temporary hard water and permanent hard water.
The water that contains bicarbonate ions along with Mg++  and Ca++ ions could be softened by mere boiling. Hence, such water is called temporary hard water.
The water that contains chloride or sulphate ions along with Mg++ and Ca++ ions is called permanent hard water.
This means the hardness causes by dissolved magnesium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate is temporary hardness.
The hardness caused by dissolved magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate or calcium sulphate is called permanent hardness.
Water samples may contain more that one salt that causes hardness.

DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER
We use water daily for a number of activities such as washing clothes, cleaning utensils, bathing, drinking, cooking and so on.
Hard water is not so suitable for these activities.
Pulses and vegetables are not cooked properly in hard water.
Hard water used for bathing makes the skin dry and leaves a whitish residue on the skin.
The utensils lose shine and get stained when washed with hard water.
Hard water is not suitable even for washing. Clothes are not cleaned in hard water.
Soap is also wasted.
The salts present in hard water from a yellow stain on clothes.
The salts accumulated on the inner walls of the cooking utensils makes their cleaning difficult.
It also wastes fuel energy.
Hard water poses many problems in industries such as paper, dye, printing, textiles, sugar etc.
Hard water forms a scale on the inner walls of industrial boilers.
Why does hard water causes scales on the walls of boilers ?
Hard water usually contains dissolved bicarbonates.
The dissolved bicarbonates, on boiling, dissociate to form insoluble carbonates which go on depositing on the inner walls of the boiler.
Hard water contains bicarbonates.
This results in scaling.
The scale not only corrodes the boiler but wastes fuel as well.
Hard water sometimes causes foaming and explosions of the boiler.
The scales formed inside the pipes reduce the size of the pipes and corrode them (fig).
Therefore hard water is not suitable for use in boilers.
Hence we need to soften water and then use it.
There are many methods of softening water.
Some methods remove only temporary hardness while others remove both types of hardness.
Activity
Take some amount of hard water in a glass beaker and boil it. Allow the water to cool. Observe the walls of the beaker closely. Repeat the experiment with soft water. What difference do you notice ? Why ? Explain.

Wednesday 15 May 2013

Water Types and its uses for std 9th GSEB CBSE Course


Hard and soft water
Experiments with hard water
Removal of hardness
Conservation of water.

Water is a wonderful substance.
It is one of our invaluable resources.
Without it life can neither exist on earth nor can the bio-chemical reactions take place.
Let us once again recall some of the important points that you have already studied about water.
Water is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Water is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Most of the land on earth is Covered with water.
Water exists on earth in all the three states – solid, liquid, and vapour.
Water can dissolve the highest number of substances in it.
Most of the substances that dissolve in water are inorganic ionic compounds.
The ionic compounds dissociate into positive and negative ions when dissolved in water.

Remember
Indian philosophers regarded water as one of the five elements that constitute the universe. Even the westerners had similar views. A British chemist, Sir Henry Cavendish showed for the first time in 1781, that water is produced when hydrogen burns in air. Lavosier, a French chemist proposed that water is not an element but a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Seawater is saline and hence not potable. Distillation is a method of obtaining pure water from seawater.
Even distilled water is not potable.
Water gets cycled continually through the biosphere and this movement is called water cycle.
Water sources are being polluted due to human activities.

INTRODUCTION
The water obtained from natural sources have several salts dissolved in it.
Salts such as nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, and bicarbonates might have been dissolved in water.
Pure water has neither colour and taste nor smell.
Water gets colour, taste, and smell due to impurities.
Water acquires certain properties other than colour, taste and smell, when certain salts are dissolved in it.

Note
Rainwater dissolves small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide in it to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. The other chemicals that are let into the atmosphere may also dissolved in it. Hence even rainwater is not pure.
The change in the way it interacts with soap is one such property.
Based on the way in which it acts with soap,


Water is classified as

Soft water, Hard water

SOFT WATER AND HARD WATER
Water that gives lather with soap easily and readily is called soft water.
Pure water is always soft.
Water may be soft even when some salts are dissolved in it.

Experiment : 1Collect samples of water from different sources – tap, bore-well, pond or lake etc.
Take equal quantity of the samples collected in different test tubes.
Add about 1 gram of soap powder to each of them.
Shake well, Which of them gave lather easily and spontaneously ?
Which sample does not give lather readily?
 
Different types of water sample for test
Test of soap leather on different types of water sample.

Experiment : 2Collect samples of water from various sources as mentioned in the experiment cited above.?
Add 1 gram of soap powder to each of them and stir until the soap dissolves in water.
Now blow the contains of each of the test tubes using a stir few times.
Which of them gives lather profusely?
Different types of water sample for test
Blow Air test on water with soap.

Experiment : 3Does the water you use at home give lather readily with soap? Test and find out.


Experiment : 4Take equal quantities of water in two beakers.
Add about 1 gram of calcium chloride to one of them and stir well.
Now add about 1 gram of soap powder to each beaker.
Blow the contents of the beakers using a straw.
Which of them give lather well ?
Repeat the experiment by using sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium sulphate, and magnesium sulphate instead of calcium chloride.
Which of them give lather ?
Which of them does not give lather ? Examine.
Test of water with different chemicals.
Certain salts dissolved in water from a scum with soap.
Water that forms an insoluble scum with soap before giving lather is called hard water.
Hard water does not readily give lather with soap.
The dissolved salts such as calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate and magnesium chloride are the chief salts that cause hardness of water.
Let us consider how these salts render water hard.
Remember
It is not practically possible to obtain calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate in solid form. This is because these salts chemically dissociate much before the evaporation is complete and form their respective carbonates. Therefore, it is only possible to have solutions of calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate.

Note that the salts that cause hardness are ionic compounds.
These salts ionize to give positive ions and negative ions when dissolved in water.
For example, magnesium sulphate when dissolved in water, dissociates into Mg++ ions and SO4- ions.
Similarly calcium sulphate (CaSO4) dissociates into Ca++ and SO4-.
The equations showing the process of ionization of salts causing hardness of water, are given below.

Process of Ionization of Salts.
Remember
calcium fluoride and salts of iron. Lons of iron and manganese The salts that cause hardness in water include will also cause hardness of water.
Of the ions mentioned above, only Mg++ and Ca++ ions cause hardness.
These ions form an insoluble scum with soap.
How does hard water form scum with soap ?
Soap (you will know more about it later) is a sodium salt or potassium salt (Ex: sodium stearate or potassium stearate respectively).
These salts react with Mg++ and Ca++ ions present in water to form magnesium stearte and calcium stearate respectively.
These insoluble precipitates, from a scum on the surface of contact.
Soap begins to give lather only after all the Mg++ and Ca++ ions present in this water samples are precipitated.

Monday 13 May 2013

Different types of Water and its properties and uses for std 8th CBSE, GSEB


WATER                               
UNIT-8
Revision-importance of water, general properties of water, water cycle, sources of water, causes of water pollution, controlling water pollution, need for conservation of water, chemical composition of water, specific properties, potable water, impurities in water (soluble and insoluble), purification, distillation, uses of distilled water.
8.1 Importance of water
Water is an invaluable natural resource. It is impossible even to guess either the water less earth or life on earth without water. You have already learnt about usefulness of water. Do the following activity in order to recall what you have already learnt.
Activity 8.1 : Each student in the class has to list the uses of water. Do not omit any use thinking it to be unimportant or insignificant  Prepare a consolidated list. Classify the uses of water based on their nature and importance (Important uses such as agricultural, cleaning etc.). Prepare a chart containing the classified list and display it in the class.
This important resource i.e., water, is available on the earth abundantly. Astronauts have reported that the earth appears as a blue ball when viewed from outer space. The reason for this phenomenon is the fact that the out of total quantity of water available on earth. 97.2% is in oceans which cover 70% of the earth’s surface. Where do we find the remaining water ? Examine the table 8.1 It is clear from the table that only a small portion of fresh water is available for the use of organisms. Hence there is a need for conservation of fresh water and to use it carefully.
Note : Ocean water is saline and hence it is not potable.
Table 8.1
percentage distribution of water on earth
Oceans   97.2
Glaciers and ice caps  2.15
Ground water   0.62
tanks       0.017
Atmosphere      0.001
Rivers     0.0001
Biomass  0.0001
More than 70% of the total body weight of many living beings constitutes water. We cannot forget the fact that the food we eat also contains water.
If the water content in the organisms becomes too low then they die. This shows the importance of water as a constituent needed for the survival of living beings.
Remember : The phenomenon of dehydration of the body means that there is decrease in quantity of water in the body to a very low level. If this phenomenon is ignored, death occurs. Therefore make sure that your body does not dehydrate for any reason.
Activity 8.2 : List out the disease and other situation that lead to the dehydration of human body. Collect information about its prevention. (Contact a doctor)
Table 8.2
Approximate percentage of water in some food materials
Cereals 3-4
Egg         75
Potato     75
Milk        85
Tomato   90
Green vegetables        90
8.2 Sources of water
Which are the sources of water, which is so essential for the sustenance of life ? The major sources of fresh water are tanks, ponds, open wells, bore wells, streams and rivers. Ocean is the source of salt water. Which are the sources that fulfill water requirements in your town or village ?
Note
We can survive without food for a few days. But we cannot survive without water for such a long period.
Drinking of more water is necessary while fasting. If not, the body gets exhausted rapidly.
8.3 Water cycle
From where do these water bodies get the water ? In case water is not continuously supplied to these water bodies, they should have dried up long back. Because of water cycle which happens in nature such drying up is prevented. The water on the surface of the earth vaporizes and rises up in the atmosphere There it condenses to form rain, snow, hailstorm and falls back to earth’s surface. this cyclic process is called “water Cycle.”
Do you know ?
Solid, liquid and gas are the three states of matter. Water occurs in all these three states in nature.
Only 0.005% of total quantity of water on the earth circulates through water cycle. The major steps of this water cycle are as follows :
1.     Evaporation of water from the surface of Ocean and other water bodies from the soil to the atmosphere.
Do you know the meanings of the following words ?
Evaporation
Condensation
Transpiration
2.     Leaves allow water vapors to enter the atmosphere through the process of transpiration.
3.     Water vapor in the atmosphere moves horizontally from one place to another.
4.     Water vapor in the atmosphere, condenses and returns to the earth in the form of rain, snow, hail storm  etc. This condensation is due to the low temperature at high altitudes.
5.     A Part of the rain water flows down to the lower regions and finally reaches the oceans.
8.4 Characteristics of pure water
  1. You have already studied the physical properties of water. Recapitulate them using the table 8.3

Note
If this water get cycled continuously. supply of energy has to be continuous. What are the sources of energy which run the water cycles ?
Table 8.3
Physical properties of pure water
·        Colourless transparent liquid.
·        Odourless.
·        Tasteless
·        At normal pressure, boils at 1000C and freezes at 0 0C.
·        Non-conductor of heat.
·        Non-conductor of electricity.
·        Density at 40C is 1 kg/litre.
Note
Rain water harvesting is the need of the day. This has to be done at the house level and community level. This is an easy and cost effective procedure.
Apart from these general physical properties, water also has some unique properties.
In general, the substances expend on heating and contract on cooling. Water exhibits a different behaviour. It contracts up to 40C but it starts expanding below 40C. This peculiar property of water is called anamolous expansion ?
Think it over
1.     Why does ice float on water ?
2.     Why do water piper break in cold countries when the temperature of the surroundings falls to 00C or less than that ?
(Hint : What should be the nature of change in the volume if mass should remain constant whereas density decreases ?)
Water also has another special property. Water can dissolve more substances when compared to any other solvent. Hence it is called ‘universal solvent’. Remember that water which appears to be pure may not be really pure.
Think it over.
1.     Though fresh water is a colouriess, transparent liquied, the bottom of ponds, wells, etc., are not visible ar certain times. Why ?
2.     Water from different sources have different colours, tastes and odours. Why ?
3.     Why do tap water, rain water, etc., conduct electricity ?
4.     Though the uppear surface of a lake is covered with layers of ice in arctic region. the water below it does not freeze. Aquatic animals live without facing any problems. Which property of water is responsible for this ?
8.5 Water – Pollution and its prevention
The presence of foreign substances in water to such an extent that it is harmful to the consumer is known as water pollutin. These foreign substances change the physical and chemical properties of water. In many instances the change may be so subtle that it is not easily noticeable.
The impact of such polluted water on the consumer can only be noticed over a considerable period of time. Sometimes all water bodies including ground water get polluted. The fast growing population, industrialization, urbanization, unwise activities of man, lack of concern for long term effects of these activities are major causes of water pollution. All these contribute to the water pollution. Sewage from cities, wastes, silt and hazardous minerals, infectants, dissolved toxic substances, chemical compounds, radioactive substances, thermal wastes (super heated water), organic matter etc., are some types of pollutants of surface water. House hold wastes, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, especially effluents from cities and industries are major categories of pollutants of ground water.
Activity 8.3
Identify the sources of water which meet your water requirements. Find out wheather they are being polluted. If so, identify the nature of pollutants.
Do you know ?
The effluents from the industries on the banks of major rivers of India pollute water with arsenic, mercury, cyanide and other substances.
Do you know
water was believed tobe an element earlier, Hence its identification as a compound was delayed.
8.6 Chemical composition of water
Water is a compound, Each molecule of water, contains 2 atoms of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen. Hence molecular formula of water is H2O. Henry Cavendish proved that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. In A. D. 1781. he prepared water in the laboratory by combining two parts by volume of hydrogen and one part by volume of oxygen.
Henry Cavendish
1731 – 1810.
He was a British scientist conducted innumerable experiments for ten years to prove that water is not an element but a compound made of two colourless gases. Discovery of hydrogen and nitrogen, composition of water and air. Innovative experiments and analytical techniques are some of his contributions.
Caution : water can be prepared in the labouratory. Using Eudiometer or by burning pure hydrogen in oxygen. When a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is burnt, it explodes producting water. Explosion may causes extensive damage if precautionary measures are not satisfactory.
2H2 + O2 – 2H2O
Experiment : To study the volumetric composition of water.
required equipments : Hoffmann’s Volta meter, pure water, dilute sulphuric acid, battery, conducting wire.
Know the meanings of the following words
Compound, Molecule, atom, molecular formula, combination, Synthesis electroysis.
Experimental procedure : Voltameter is a device that decomposes water with the help of electricity. Fill the voltameter with pure water through its middle tube. Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid. Connect the two platinum electrodes at the bottom of voltameter to the two poles of a battery by conducting wires. One can see the risting of gas bubbles from the electrodes. The volume of gas collected in the tube over the negative electrode is double the volume of the gas collected in the tube over the positive electrode. The two gases can be tested by using two separate burning splinters In the gas with lesser volume, the splinter burns brightly. Hence it is oxygen. In another the gas burns noisily with blue flame. Therefore it is hydrogen. Notice that hydrogen collects quickly in large quantities when compared to oxygen.
Conclusion : In water, hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the ration of 2 : 1 by volume.
Observe : Pure water is a bad conductor. Water is acidified to make it conducting.
Note : “The exact chemical formula of the water molecule was established in 1860 by the Italian scientist S. Cannizzarro”
Do you know this
The electrolytic cell used to measure the strength of current flowing through the circuit is known as voltameter. It is also called as coulombmeter.
Do it yourself
In case there is no Hoffmann’s voltameter in your school laboratory, it is still possible to conduct the electrolysis of water using the equipment assembled by you. A small plastic container to fill water (cut the plastic container of the mineral water). Two lead pieces (available in welding shops can be hammered to obtain a rectangular lamina) two test tubes, test tube holders made of card board, water, alum, battery, conducting wire, wax or M-seal, are the required materials. Fix tightly the lead electrodes at the bottom of the container and see that there is no leakage of water. This can be done with the help of wax or M-seal. Fill the container with water in which a small quantity of alum is dissolved. Fill the test tubes with the water and keep them inverted over electrodes with the help of test tube holders, Complate the electric circuit as shown in the figure. Observe the collection of gases in the test tubes. Examine whether the facts explained earlier are true of false. (fig 8.3)
Note : it is easy to do the experiment using lead, plastic container and alum solution. You will succeed.
Points to remember
1.     Water is produced by buring hydrogen in the atmosphere of oxygen.
2.     water is formed by the chemical combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
2H2 + O2 – 2H2O
Do you know ?
Only those compounds which dissolve in water and from ions and those which can bind with water, dissolve in water.
Remember
Hydride is a binary compound of Hydrogen and another element.
8.7 Special properties of water
You have studied certain physical properties of water in section 8.4. Out of these properties anomalous expansion of water and of being a universal solvent are the unusual properties of water. Water can be considered as a hydride of oxygen. Theretically it should have been a gas at room temperature. But you know that it is a liquied at ordinary temperature. The reason for this is its distinctive molecular linkage. You will learn more about this is higher classes.
Hydrogen is a combustible gas. Oxygen is a supporter of combustion. The product formed by the chemical combination of these two gases is a liquid that extinguishes fire ! What are the distinctive chemical properties of this strange liquid ?
1.     Pure water is neutral liquid. It is neither acidic nor basic. Hence it does not change the colour of either blue litmus of red litmus.
2.     Water is relatively a stable liquid. It cannot be chemically decomposed at ordinary temperature except at high temperature (around 2273K) or by passing electric current through it.
2H2O – 2H2 + O2
Know these words
Neutral, acidic, basic, distillation, distil, distillate, crystal.
Do it yourself
heat the crystals of copper sulphate in a test tube white powder is obtained. Water droplets are formed at the cooler parts of test tube. Add water. Once again the white powder becomes blue.
3.     In case water acts as medium it also facilitates the reaction to complete faster.
a)     Hydrogen normally combains with chlorine with an explosion in sunlight. It does not do so in the absence of traces of water.
b)    If sulphur is distilled in compeletely dry oxygen, It doesnot burn.
c)     Sodium burning in air is exitinguished in dry oxygen.
d)    Red hot carbon doesnot burn in dry oxygen.
4.     Water is included during the formation of crystals of salts in some cases. Water molecules do not undergo any change and retain their characteristics even in the combined states. these compounds are called hydrates.
Exampls : Cacl2. 6H2O Calcium chloride hexahydrate.
Precaution : Copper sulphate crystals are poisonous. Carry out the experiment under the supervision of a teacher.
5.     Water reacts with very reactive metals like sodium, potassium, calcium and barium, at room temperature producing hydrogen and respective metallic hydroxides. Water reacts with sodium and potassium vigorously and relatively slowly with other reactive metals.
Eg : 2Na + 2H2O – 2NaOH + H2
Ca + 2H2O – Ca(OH)2 + H2
Caution : During the preparation of hydrogen by action of water on sodium or potassium, the reaction is accompanied by evolution of heat, and hydrogen starts burning. Sodium or potassium is mixed with mercury to reducr the vigorousness of reaction and hydrogen can be collected ithout any danger.
Know these words
Reactive metal, reversible reaction, water gas, hydrolysis.
6.     When steam is passed over certain metals like zinc, iron and non-metals like carbon, silicon at high temperatures, their respective oxides and hydrogen can be obtained.
Eg : 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 4H2
(1273K) (Steam)
Note : When the iron oxide is heated in a current of hydrogen, iron and water are obtained. Such reactions are called reversible under suitable conditions.
Know these words
Feactive metal, reversible reaction, water gas, hydrolysis
Note : Esters are obtained by the elimination of water between acid and alcohol, Many essences available in the marker (substance which give desired artificial smell to food) are esters.
Eg : C + H2O – CO + H2
(873K) (steam)
Note : The mixture of CO and H2 in the ratio 1 : 2 is called water gas. it is used in the manufacture of hydrogen, synthetic petrol. It is used as a fuel in industries.
Note :
Acetylene is obtained by adding water to calcium carbide. This gas is used as a fuel. It is a wonder that a fuel is got from water while water itself exitinguishes fire.
Do you know ?
Boiled water has no taste. The dissolved oxygen is removed while boiling.
7.     Oxides of the elements which are highy acidic and basic react with water.
Eg : SO3 + H2O – H2SO4
CaO + H2O – Ca(OH)2
8.8 Drinking water
Water which is free from the hazardous substances and is free from disense causing mircro organisms is fit for drinking and cooking purposes. Naturally occurring water is usually impure due to the contamination during the course of its flow. Standards of assessing the quantity of drinking water have been formulated. (W.H.O. standards, I.S.I. standards). The water which contains foreign substances within these limits set by the standards is considered to be fit for drinking.
Note
If clean, safe water was made available for the world’s population. 80% of sickness and disense would be prevented.
Do you know ?
‘Cusec’ is the unit that denotes the quantity of water flow. No. of cubic feet of water flowing per second is expressed as cusecs. Cusec is the simplified version of cubic feet per second.
Do you know ?
T.M. C is a measure of volume of water. 109 cubic feet of thousand million cubic feet constitutes T.M.C. (T.M.C. is abbreviated form of thousand million cubic feet)
Eg : * Chlorides : 250 ppm
·        soluble solids : Less than 500 ppm
·        Coliform bacteria : 100 ppm
·        Disinfectants : 0.005 ppm
(Note : ppm – Parts per million parts.)
Pure water is not available. Moreover it will not be tasty. Water containing dissolve gases and mineral salts in it within the standard limits is both tasty to drink and also good for health. But, where do we get such water ?
8.9 Sources of potable water
Which are the sources of drinking water ?
Major sources of drinking water are : rivers, rain water, ground water dependent tanks and takes, wells, bore wells, back water of dams constructed across rivers and canals. Relatively pure water available in nature is rain water, which is the product of natural process of distillation. But many impurities in the atmosphere are carried in rain water before reaching the earth rain water many be harmful in the regions where the level of air pollution is high. Organic compounds and inorgan salts are dissolved in river water, well water, tank water and bore well water depending upon the source. Water in different places have distinctive tastes. Industrial activities and modern arricultural practices and harmful pollutants to these water bodies. Hence there is a need for the treatment of water to make it fir for human consumption.
Do you know ?
Carbon dioxide present in atmosphere dissolves in rain water to import a slight acidity ot water. But the rain water at some places will be more acidic than citric acid. The excessive burning of fossil fuels liberate carbon dioxide, sulphurdioxide, nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere. These gases dissolve in rain water making it more acidic. This phenomena is called acid rain. It is dangerous to living beings and also to the organic materials.
Do you Know ?
Calcium and Magnesium bicarbonate cause temporary hardness and sulphates of calcium and magnesium causes permanent hardness in water, If hardness is beyond the specific limit it becomes unfit for drinking. it doesn’t produce lather with soap solution. When temporary hard water is boiled. A layer of salt is formed at the bottom of vessel. Temporary hardness can be eliminated by boiling. Permmanent by treating with washing soda. Both types of hrdness can be removed by ion exchange method.
8.10 Impurities likely to be present in water
You know that the water obtained from many of the sources is not pure. Which are the impurities that are likely to be present in such water samples ?
a)       Floating and suspended impurties – these are the insoluble impurities. : Pieces of leaves, dust, twigs, decayed or decaying organic matter, fine soil etc.
b)      Dissolved impurtites ? : gases, salts etc.
c)      germs and other micro-organisms.
Note : All the dissolved gases and salts in water are not harmful. SOme of these are useful to living beings. Example : All aquatic plants and aquatic animals live using dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen. Water containing dissolved chlorine is a disinfected water.
Drinking water should not contain impurities mentioned in (a) or (c) Impurities classified in (b) may be present within the limits of national and international standards, (see section 8.8).
Example : Salts like magnesium or calcium bicarbonates or sulphates that make water hard should be less than 500 ppm (W.H.O. standards). The water which does not produce lather with soap is called Hard water.
Experiment : to detect whether the given water contains dissolved solid substances or not :
Required  materials :  water to be tested  tap water   well water pond water watch glass, tripodstand   spirit lamp.
Experimental procedure : Place the beaker half filled with water on the tripad stand, Close the beaker with a watch glass. Pour a small quantity of water to be tested on the watch glass. Hent the water in the beaker. the water evaporates, thecompletely examine the watch glass. If dissolved solid substance are present they will be left behind in the form of concentric circles on the watch glass. (fig 8.4)
8.11 Supply of drinking water
You now know that it is dangerous to drink the untreated water obtained from different sources of water. You can drink tap water as it has been treated properly to make it fir for human consumption.
If the tap water that is being supplied to houses either in rural or in urban areas is coming from large overhead tanks to which it is being pumped directly, consider it as untreated water. How can one make it potable ?
The procedure of treating of water in order to reduce impurities to the permissive limits is as follows :
Do you know ?
In the mixture of gases dissolved in water percentage of oxygen will be more and that of nitrogen will be less unlike air which contains more nitrogen. This is so because of higher solubility of oxygen in water than that of nitrogen.
Think it over
When water is boiled you can observe small bubbles rising up from the bottom of the container. What is the reason for this ? the bubble formation stops after some time, why ?
Note
Hardness of water is due to the presence of dissolved calcium and mangnesium salts.
The main aim of this process is to remove floating and suspended impurities, bacteria and other microorganisms as well as unpleasant odour of water.
At the the first stage, water is stored in settling tank and alum is added in limited quantities. Due to this all suspended fine particles coagulate and settle down at the bottom of the tank, Later clear water is transferred into aerating tank where water is allowed to come in contact with air with the help of sprinklers. This process is known as aeration. this eliminates the unpleasant odour of water. Though it is better to deocourise water by passing it through activated charcoal, the process works out costly. At the third stage, water is made to pass through sand filter bed to remove remaining floating and suspended impurities and micro-organisms to some extent. A thin layer of bacterial jelly on this sand bed is formed and serve as good filter. In the final stage bleaching powder or small dosage of stage bleaching powder or small dosage of chlorine is added to the water to destroy disease causing germs. The whole array of tanks are constructed in such a way as to allow sun rays to fall to the maximum extent on water. Ultraviolet radiation of the solar radiation kills micro-organisms.
Activity 8.5
Visit a water treatment plant. Study the process of water treatment. prepare a report on its effectiveness and present it in the class.
8.12 Precautionary measures to be taken about the drinking water.
Which ever be the source of drinking water. follow the precautionary measures given below. this is essential incase of untreated water.
a)     Fold a cotton cloth about 3 – 4 folds and filter the water sample.
b)    Boil the filtered water.
c)     Wash the water container of daily, by using hot water.
d)    Use only a small vessel or tumbler with a long handle to take out water from the container. This also has to be washed with hot water. Don’t touch the drinking water or use other vessels.
Do you know ?
Heavy water : Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen its mass number is 2 and symbol is D. There is one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. Deuterium oxide (D2O) is called heavy water. It is used as moderator in nuclear reactors. It is poisonous.
e)     If you are living in rural area and drawing water from a tank or well. Do not pollute the source. Motivate others also not to carry out such activities which pollute water.
8.13 Methods of obtaining pure water
a) By distillation.
b) Partly freezing and defreezing pure ice.
C) Burning hydrogen in oxygen or reducting strongly heated oxides with hydrogen and collecting the product. First method is easy and simple compared to others. Hence it is described here.
Experiment : To obtain pure or distilled water by distillation and condensation.
Required materials : Round bottom flask, test tube stand, spirit lamp, Leibig condenser, receiver, rubber tube, thermometer, water to be distilled.
Think it over
If water contains a liqid whose boiling point is lower than that of water. which one of these is collected first in the receiver ?
Do you know this ?
Detergents produce lather even with hard water, They cleanse : But the also cause pollution.
Experimental procedure : Set up the apparatus as shown in the (figure 8.6). take the water to be distilled in the round bottom flask. Arrange cold water to flow in leibig condenser in the direction of arrow mark. Boil water in the flask. The vapours produced condenses in the condenser and collects in the receiver. Distillate is relatively pure water. Record the temperature during distillation. Test for colour. taste and odour before and after distillation.
Uses of distilled water
Distilled water is a relatively pure form of water. Hence it is used in
1)     manufacture of medicine.
2)     medical activities.
3)     manufacture of chemicals.
4)     various industries.
Sometimes water is distilled several times to get ultra pure water.
8.15 Having studied this chapter you will be able to….
·        explain the importance of water with the illustrations.
·        list the sourfces of water and explain how and why they get polluted. You will be able to list out the preventive measures.
·        describe the chemical composition of water.
·        determine the composition of water by volume experimentally.
·        list out general as well as special physical and chemical properties of water.
·        explain the qualities of drinking water and methods of obtaining water to make it fir for human consumption.
·        explain the process of obtaining distilled water and uses of distilled water.
8.16 EEXRCISE.
1) Explain the importance of water with any five examples.
2) Even though 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, why should it be conserved ?
3) Which are the major steps in water cycle ?
4) What are the physical properties of pure water ?
5) List out the chemical properties of pure water.
6) What is the percapita consumption of drinking water ?
7) How is water treated to make it fit for drinking ?
8) What is water pollution ? How can it be prevented ?
9) Explain with diagram the experiment to determine the composition of water by volume.
10) Explain with a diagram the process of obtaining distilled water.
11) What is dehydration of they body ? How is it prevented ?
12) What is water cycle ? What is its importance ?
13) What do you mean by anamolous expansion of water ?
14) Why is water called a universal solvent ?
15) Give the chemical composition of water.
16) State one example of a chemical reaction in which water acts as a medium.
17) What is water gas ? How is it obtained ?
18) State an illustration to establish the reaction of water with the alkali metals.
19) State an example for each of the reactions of water reacting with acidic and basic oxides.
20) Mention the uses of distilled water.